Hospital Acquired Infections Out of Control

A few weeks ago a historic report released by a state agency in Pennsylvania (PHC4) discovered that during 2005, over 19,000 patients contracted an infection while they were in the hospital which led to one in nine dying. Turns out, patients are almost six times more likely to die during a hospital stay if they acquire an infection than not. It is the first report in the nation identifying the rate of infections acquired by patients by individual hospitals. The Institute of Medicine, a few years back, found that at least 98,000 patients a year die nationwide from acquiring infections while they are hospitalized. Most experts believe this number is even higher.

Imagine if we put these numbers in the context of airplane crashes. Let’s say that only one-third of the infections could have been prevented – that’s just over 32,600 people or three plane crashes EVERY WEEK carrying 200 passengers each. Imagine the public outcry. Think the airlines could go on with business as usual? Think we’d still be flying? Or picture how you’d react tomorrow morning if the local headlines read that nearly 100,000 people were going to die of SARS in the next twelve months. Got your attention?

The industry tells us that hospitals, of course, are places for very sick people, and very sick people have germs. Doctors, nurses and technicians make contact in the most intimate of ways: via blood, urine and bodily contact. It doesn’t take much for germs to travel from one person’s hands to dozens of people every day. The problem for patients, however, is that their immune systems are weakened creating a “Welcome Mat” for bacteria. They contend that the severity of a patient’s illness is what increases the risks of getting a hospital acquired infection (HAI).

BUT health policy expert David Nash, editor of American Journal of Medical Quality and chair of the Department of Health Policy at Thomas Jefferson University, argues that, "It's the process, not the patients" that spawns hospital-acquired infections. According to Nash, three recent independent studies found that “despite hospitals' claim that in the sickest patients it's inevitable that someone is going to get a hospital-acquired infection, that's just not the case." Nash recommends that hand washing among hospital workers, carefully keeping surgical gowns and clothing sterile during procedures, reduced numbers of hospital personnel going in and out of operating rooms and more selective use of antibiotics could significantly reduce the alarming infection rate (Washington Post, 11/21). Marc Volavka, Executive Director of PHC4, is even more adamant: "The simple fact is that every patient who enters a hospital in Pennsylvania and in this country is at risk for a hospital-acquired infection. This is about flawed processes and the chaos currently existing within our health care delivery system."

YOUR TURN

1. Should hospitals require that every doctor, nurse and technician wash their hands in front of patients before examining or treating them? Should they tell patients on admission to ask hospital personnel, "Did you wash your hands?" Would you ask?

2. Should Medicare start linking its payments to hospital infection rates? For example, if someone gets a urinary tract infection that is hospital acquired, Medicare wouldn’t pay the hospital the added costs to treat the patient’s infection.

3. Should every state issue annual consumer reports on hospital acquired infections by hospital? Would you use this data to select a hospital for your next surgery?

Learn How to Prevent Hospital Acquired Infections

In response to the national infection crisis, the American Hospital Association (AHA), the American Medical Association (AMA), and the National Patient Safety Foundation (NPSF) advise that you can take steps to protect yourself in their brochure "Preventing Infections in the Hospital – What you as a patient can do."

They offer ten action steps you can take when you’re hospitalized. Here is what they recommend:

1. Wash your hands carefully after handling any type of soiled material and after you have gone to the bathroom.

2. Do not be afraid to remind doctors and nurses to wash their hands before touching you.

3. If you have an intravenous catheter, keep the skin around the dressing clean and dry. Immediately tell your nurse if the dressing becomes loose or wet. And (this is my recommendation) if your catheter is in for more than 48 hours, ask your doctor why and when it can be removed.

4. Let your nurse know right away if the dressing on a wound becomes loose or wet.

5. If you have any type of catheter or drainage tube, let your nurse know if it becomes loose or dislodged.

6. If you have diabetes, be sure that you and your doctor discuss the best way to control your blood sugar before, during, and after your hospital stay. High blood sugar significantly increases the risk of infection.

7. If you are overweight, losing weight will reduce the risk of infection following surgery.

8. If you are a smoker, quit. This reduces the chance of developing a lung infection and improves healing.

9. Prevent pneumonia by performing deep breathing exercises and getting out of bed.

10. Ask your friends and relatives not to visit if they feel sick. Make sure that all visitors wash their hands when they visit and after they use the bathroom.

Report it! If you ever acquire an infection, ask the doctor for the exact name and spelling of the infection. Also ask to see someone from the Infection Control Unit (every hospital must have one). Ask for an explanation of the nature of the infection, and what best practices are being used to treat it. If this infection has caused a real hardship for you, report the incident to your local health department. You may prevent someone else from going through the same thing since the Health Department will be obligated to look into your report and, if the hospital’s infection rate is above the norm, they will demand corrective action.

Where Infections Strike
Hospital-acquired infections commonly find their breeding ground in the urinary tract, around the wound of the surgical site, in the bloodstream and in the lung leading to pneumonia. The Pennsylvania Health Care Cost Containment Council PHC4 in their recent landmark study learned that wounds resulting from surgeries performed on the small and large intestine, and surgery for blood vessels account for the most frequent incidence of surgical site infections. Patients who suffer heart attacks or have peripheral artery disease are most likely to come down with pneumonia. Patients admitted with lung disease are more likely to acquire blood stream infections. And older patients are far more likely to suffer from urinary tract infections than any other age group. My guess is that this is related to higher catheter use prescribed for the elderly. In a recent study reported in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, researchers at the Veterans Administration Ann Arbor Healthcare System found that having a catheter in place for more than two days increases the likelihood of an infection at a rate of 5 percent each day. They found that, all too often, busy doctors with lots of patients simply forgot to give the orders to remove it.